From: owner-ane@ (ANE Digest) To: ane-digest Subject: ANE Digest V1999 #367 Reply-To: Sender: owner-ane@ Errors-To: owner-ane@ Precedence: bulk ANE Digest Tuesday, December 28 1999 Volume 1999 : Number 367 ane horses in North Syria (spread of IE) Re: ane horses in North Syria (spread of IE) ane Tell Sakan Excavations in the Gaza Strip ane Temple Mount atrocity RE: ane horses in North Syria (spread of IE) Re: ane horses in North Syria (spread of IE) Re: ane horses in North Syria (spread of IE) ane Crime against an archaeological heritage of humanity ane Philistines Re: ane Artifacts, Copyrights, etc. RE: ane horses in North Syria (spread of IE) ane Irene Levi-Sala Book Prize 2000 Re: ane Artifacts, Copyrights, etc. ane DON'T OPEN "HAPPY99.EXE" Re: ane DON'T OPEN "HAPPY99.EXE"/Reply Re: ane DON'T OPEN "HAPPY99.EXE"/Reply elizer oren ane Were the "Philistines" really Mycenaean Greeks!? Re: ane DON'T OPEN "HAPPY99.EXE"/Reply elizer oren Re: ane DON'T OPEN "HAPPY99.EXE"/Reply elizer oren ane Re: DON'T OPEN "Levi-Sala Book Prize" VIRUS MESSAGE Re: ane Artifacts, Copyrights, etc. Re: ane Re: DON'T OPEN "Levi-Sala Book Prize" VIRUS MESSAGE ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Mon, 27 Dec 1999 14:29:11 +0100 From: "Bjarte Kaldhol" Subject: ane horses in North Syria (spread of IE) Dear listmembers, Robert Whiting kirjoitti: 1. "I don't know of textual references to horses in Mesopotamia before the Ur III period (i.e., last century of the 3rd millennium rather than second half (this is why the Tell es-Sweyhat horse is so unexpected)." Clay models of domesticated horses with harness from about 2200 BC have been known for some time not only from Tell es-Sweyhat, but also from Tepe Gawra and Tell Mozan (Urkesh). The horse models from Urkesh are described by Rick Hauser in URKESH AND THE HURRIANS p. 63-74. Hauser states that "there are more equids represented amongst the Urkesh figurines than any other genus". Models of wheeled vehicles were also found. The first horse model, from the middle of the millennium, was found already during the first excavation season (published twelve years ago). Horse bones were also excavated at Urkesh, but not in precisely datable layers. 2. "You [Naccache] are confusing the Sumerian word for horse (_zizi_) with the way the word was written (AN$E.KUR.RA). Not distinguishing between writing and language just leads to confusion. AN$E.KUR.RA is what I call a "word picture" type of writing where the signs that make up the logogram describe the object or process that the word represents. Thus AN$E.KUR.RA literally means "equid of the mountains" but idiomatically means "foreign equid" since _kur_ was the word for both "mountain" and "foreign land" (the word for home land was _kalam_)." How do we know that the (first) Sumerian word for horse was not AN$E.KUR.RA? The word zizi might be a loan from Akkadian – from a time when Sumerian was almost a dead language. Deimel describes the Sumerian sign for AN$E as "Kopf eines Huftieres = Huftier". And KUR.RA does not mean "outside Mesopotamia", or even Armenia or Siberia, but simply "outside Kalam". (I suppose Urkish would be an URU.KUR.RA to the Sumerians.) 3. "But in most instances, syllabic writings (e.g., A$.TE or A$.TI for the word for "seat" [probably from Indo-European]; A.GAR for the word "field" [actually corresponds to German "Fleur" [sic! I am not the only one celebrating these days, BK's parenthesis] -- there is no English word that corrrectly translates A.GAR; also probably from Indo-European] ... are an indication that the word is foreign..." I wonder if these "probably from Indo-European" can be substantiated? And when and in what contexts are these words attested for the first time in Sumerian? If the meaning of A.GAR is "field in general" (Flur, countryside?) and not "field for cultivation", the connection with agros/ager is not likely, since agros means a cultivated field. I suspect a connection with Hurrian awari (for w/g cp. Nagar/Nawar) would be more plausible. After all, Sumerian borrowed a word like tabira (from tab- "to melt") from Hurrian and might have borrowed more. Or might A.GAR have something to do with (LU2) ENGAR, which is also supposed to be a loanword? Best wishes, Bjarte Kaldhol ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 27 Dec 1999 16:17:35 +0200 From: Naccache Subject: Re: ane horses in North Syria (spread of IE) On Sun, 26 Dec 1999, Robert Whiting wrote: >>The main point I was trying to make was that the horse was known >>in Old Akkadian times, i.e., second half of the IIIrd MBC. > >Can you provide a textual citation for this? I don't know of >textual references to horses in Mesopotamia before the Ur III >period (i.e., last century of the 3rd millennium rather than >second half (this is why the Tell es-Sweyhat horse is so >unexpected). No I cannot. All I have is the AHw, and I have been too hasty in assuming that, because under "sisuu(m)" 1) there was the mention "aAk", the use of the word went back to the Sargonic period. Sorry, my mistake. No doubt that the Tell es-Sweyhat horse, which I am still hoping to see, is interesting. Does anyone know of a website or "vault" in which pictures of this horse and of a seal figure that might be a horse could be archived, so that all interested list-members could see them? Best, Albert Naccache anaccash@nidal.com p.s.: Thank you, Giuseppe Del Monte! ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 27 Dec 1999 15:26:00 +0100 From: "Pierre de Miroschedji" Subject: ane Tell Sakan Excavations in the Gaza Strip > CE MESSAGE EST AU FORMAT MIME. Comme votre lecteur de courrier ne comprend pas ce format, il se peut que tout ou partie de ce message soit illisible. - --MS_Mac_OE_3029153161_766950_MIME_Part Content-type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" Content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable Dear Chuck, I would be most grateful if the ANE List could kindly host the following information note which, I believe, could be of interest for some of its users. With much appreciation and thanks, Pierre de Miroschedji. - -------------------------------------------------------------- Forwarded on behalf of the undersigned, to whom responses and inquiries should be directed. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx INFORMATIONS ABOUT A NEW FRANCO-PALESTINIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT : EXCAVATIONS AT TELL SAKAN, AN EARLY BRONZE AGE SITE IN THE GAZA STRIP A brief pilot season of excavations took place at Tell Sakan between September 13 and 30, 1999, under the auspices of the =C3=89cole biblique et arch=C3=A9ologique fran=C3=A7aise de J=C3=A9rusalem and the Department of Antiquities o= f Gaza (Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Palestine National Authority) an= d with the financial support of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The excavations were jointly directed by Dr. Pierre de Miroschedji, Director of Research at the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and by Dr. Moain Sadek, Director of the Department of Antiquities of Gaza. The Site Tell Sakan is an Early Bronze Age site located about five kilometers South of Gaza City, on the northern bank of the Gaza river, some 500 meters to th= e North of Tell el-Ajjul. Entirely covered by a dune, it was accidentally discovered late in 1998 during construction work of a housing project which badly damaged the southern half of the site. The Excavations The objectives of the 1999 pilot season was to ensure the preservation of the site, establish its archaeological sequence and determine its limits. The sides of two bulldozed trenches were cleared in order to expose the stratigraphy and three small soundings were excavated. An insight into the entire archaeological sequence was thus obtained, together with data on the lowermost, intermediate and uppermost strata of occupation. Scientific Results The results of this work can be summarized as follows : 1. The area of the ancient settlement is estimated between 8 and 12 hectares. 2. The archaeological remains consist of layers of exceptionally well preserved mud-brick architecture and testify to a long and sustained occupation. The total thickness of the archaeological deposits is of 9 meters in Trench I, where nine archaeological strata were recognized. 3. The archaeological sequence covers the entire Early Bronze Age period, between c.3300, approximate date of the foundation of the site, and c.2350, estimated date of its abandonment. In this long sequence, two main phases can be distinguished : + Initially, in the Early Bronze I (Strata A 9 to A-6), Tell Sakan was basically an Egyptian settlement, in which almost the totality of the archaeological material was of Egyptian type. Preliminary observations suggest that the site may have been founded in the Naqada IIIa Period and abandoned at the beginning of the First Dynasty. + Afterwards, Tell Sakan became a Cananean city. The Early Bronze II occupation (c.2900-2650), however, is presently hardly attested. By contrast, the Early Bronze III occupation (c.2650-2350) is represented by a= t least four building strata showing close cultural affinities with sites of inner Palestine. Conclusion Tell Sakan is one of the major archaeological site in the Gaza Strip. To judge by its geographical location and its size, it may have been involved in the administration of the late fourth millennium Egyptian colonies of th= e Southern Levant. It is the first settlement of the third millennium BCE identified so far in the Gaza Strip, actually the immediate forerunner of neighboring Tell el-Ajjul. Hence, the site offers a unique opportunity to monitor the Egypto-Palestinian interaction during the early rise of the Egyptian civilization and the first urbanization of Palestine. Excavation Project for the Years 2000- 2005 Following these preliminary results, a large scale excavations project is planed for the years 2000-2005, directed by Pierre de Miroschedji and Moain Sadek under the joint auspices of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France) and the Department of Antiquities of Gaza (P.N.A.). Contact The team for the season of the summer of 2000 is now being recruited. Previous experience in excavations in the Near East or in Egypt is a prerequisite. A basic knowledge of French language is recommended. For informations, contact Dr. Pierre de Miroschedji at the following addres= s : Maison de l'Arch=C3=A9ologie et de l'Ethnologie, Bo=C3=AEte 14 21=C2=A8=E2=80=A0all=C3=A9e de l'Universit=C3=A9 92023=E2=80=A0Nanterre cedex (France=C2=A9 Tel. : 00-33-1-46 69 24 90 Fax : 00-33-1-46 69 24 86 E-mail=E2=80=A0=E2=88=AB=E2=80=A0miroschedji@mae.u-paris10.fr - --MS_Mac_OE_3029153161_766950_MIME_Part Content-type: text/html; charset="utf-8" Content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable Tell Sakan Excavations in the Gaza Strip Dear Chuck,

I would be most grateful if the ANE List could kindly host the following in= formation note which, I believe, could be of interest for some of its users.=
With much appreciation and thanks,

Pierre de Miroschedji.


- --------------------------------------------------------------

Forwarded on behalf of the undersigned, to whom responses and
inquiries should be directed.
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

INFORMATIONS ABOUT A NEW FRANCO-PALESTINIAN
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT :

EXCAVATIONS AT TELL SAKAN,
AN EARLY BRONZE AGE SITE IN THE GAZA STRIP


A brief pilot season of excavations took place at Tell Sakan between Septem= ber 13 and 30, 1999, under the auspices of the =C3=89cole biblique et arch=C3=A9olog= ique fran=C3=A7aise de J=C3=A9rusalem and the Department of Antiquities of Gaza (Min= istry of Tourism and Antiquities, Palestine National Authority) and with the= financial support of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The excavation= s were jointly directed by Dr. Pierre de Miroschedji, Director of Research a= t the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and by Dr. Moain = Sadek, Director of the Department of Antiquities of Gaza.

The Site
Tell Sakan is an Early Bronze Age site located about five kilometers So= uth of Gaza City, on the northern bank of the Gaza river, some 500 meters to= the North of Tell el-Ajjul. Entirely covered by a dune, it was accidentally= discovered late in 1998 during construction work of a housing project which= badly damaged the southern half of the site.

The Excavations
The objectives of the 1999 pilot season was to ensure the preservation = of the site, establish its archaeological sequence and determine its limits.= The sides of two bulldozed trenches were cleared in order to expose the str= atigraphy and three small soundings were excavated. An insight into the enti= re archaeological sequence was thus obtained, together with data on the lowe= rmost, intermediate and uppermost strata of occupation.

Scientific Results
The results of this work can be summarized as follows :
1. The area of the ancient settlement is estimated between 8 and 12 = hectares.
2. The archaeological remains consist of layers of exceptionally wel= l preserved mud-brick architecture and testify to a long and sustained occup= ation. The total thickness of the archaeological deposits is of 9 meters in = Trench I, where nine archaeological strata were recognized.
3. The archaeological sequence covers the entire Early Bronze Age pe= riod, between c.3300, approximate date of the foundation of the site, and c.= 2350, estimated date of its abandonment. In this long sequence, two main pha= ses can be distinguished :
+ Initially, in the Early Bronze I (Strata A 9 to A-6), Tell Sakan w= as basically an Egyptian settlement, in which almost the totality of the arc= haeological material was of Egyptian type. Preliminary observations suggest = that the site may have been founded in the Naqada IIIa Period and abandoned = at the beginning of the First Dynasty.
+ Afterwards, Tell Sakan became a Cananean city. The Early Bronze II= occupation (c.2900-2650), however, is presently hardly attested. By contras= t, the Early Bronze III occupation (c.2650-2350) is represented by at least = four building strata showing close cultural affinities with sites of inner P= alestine.

Conclusion
Tell Sakan is one of the major archaeological site in the Gaza Strip. T= o judge by its geographical location and its size, it may have been involved= in the administration of the late fourth millennium Egyptian colonies of th= e Southern Levant. It is the first settlement of the third millennium BCE id= entified so far in the Gaza Strip, actually the immediate forerunner of neig= hboring Tell el-Ajjul. Hence, the site offers a unique opportunity to monito= r the Egypto-Palestinian interaction during the early rise of the Egyptian c= ivilization and the first urbanization of Palestine.

Excavation Project for the Years 2000- 2005
Following these preliminary results, a large scale excavations project = is planed for the years 2000-2005, directed by Pierre de Miroschedji and Moa= in Sadek under the joint auspices of the Centre National de la Recherche Sci= entifique (France) and the Department of Antiquities of Gaza (P.N.A.).


Contact

The team for the season of the summer of 2000 is now being recruited. P= revious experience in excavations in the Near East or in Egypt is a prerequi= site. A basic knowledge of French language is recommended.

For informations, contact Dr. Pierre de Miroschedji at the following addres= s :

Maison de l'Arch=C3=A9ologie et de l'Ethnologie, Bo=C3=AEte 14
21=C2=A8=E2=80=A0all=C3=A9e de l'Universit=C3=A9
92023=E2=80=A0Nanterre cedex (France=C2=A9
Tel. : 00-33-1-46 69 24 90
Fax : 00-33-1-46 69 24 86
E-mail=E2=80=A0=E2=88=AB=E2=80=A0miroschedji@mae.u-paris10.fr


 - --MS_Mac_OE_3029153161_766950_MIME_Part-- ------------------------------ Date: Sat, 25 Dec 1999 10:06:39 +0000 From: scribe@msn.fullfeed.com Subject: ane Temple Mount atrocity >Since I was all alone in my desire to keep our list academically >oriented, I decided to fall in with everyone else. Here is this >utterly horrible atrocity! Gasp! Horror! >Bharani >Israeli archeologists accuse drainage authority of destroying >ancient site >By Associated Press, 12/26/1999 10:06 >JERUSALEM (AP) An archeological site that dates back 750,000 years >has been deliberately destroyed in work carried out by a government >drainage authority, Israeli archeologists said Sunday. >The Israeli Antiquities Authority said, despite repeated warnings, >the Sea of Galilee Drainage Authority used heavy earth-moving >equipment at the site near the Banot Yaacov Bridge on the upper >Jordan River in northern Israel. This is an offense against archaeology and the cultural history of the ANE but not the offense we are talking about. This occured in a remote area almost 100 miles from Jerusalem. The atrocity I'm talking about occured in Jerusalem under the noses of one of the largest news media contingents in the world. So in a sense it is not archaeologists at fault, but my own colleagues in the journalism community. Gordon Govier ><> scribe@broadcast.net ><> SCRIBE MEDIA ><> p608/271-1025 ><> 5606 Medical Circle ><> f608/271-1150 ><> Madison WI 53719 ><> http://www.msn.fullfeed.com/~scribe (please note former address will soon be retiring. Please update your records) "By the Scribe's profession, wisdom increases." <> Ecclesiasticus, the Wisdom of Jesus Ben Sirach, 38:24. ___________________________________________________________ ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 27 Dec 1999 11:45:14 -0500 From: "Christopher Robbins" Subject: RE: ane horses in North Syria (spread of IE) In a response to Robert Whiting, Bjarte Kaldhol wrote (in part): >Clay models of domesticated horses with harness from about 2200 BC have been known for some time not only from Tell es-Sweyhat, but also from Tepe Gawra and Tell Mozan (Urkesh). The horse models from Urkesh are described by Rick Hauser in URKESH AND THE HURRIANS p. 63-74. Hauser states that "there are more equids represented amongst the Urkesh figurines than any other genus". Models of wheeled vehicles were also found. The first horse model, from the middle of the millennium, was found already during the first excavation season (published twelve years ago). Horse bones were also excavated at Urkesh, but not in precisely datable layers. Any discussion of horses and wheeled vehicles in connection with the spread of PIE speakers MUST take account of the nature of those wheels, the varied categories which the term "equid" embraces, and the varied uses of the animals in each of those equid categories. Contrary to Gimbutas, Stuart Piggott (_Earliest Wheeled Transport_, Cornell, 1983) has shown that the earliest wheeled vehicles were built around BC 3000. These were study, heavy-duty vehicles whose wheels were either solid or effectively solid (if made from two or three oak planks). A four-wheeled wagon could weigh nearly 1,000 lbs. while a two-wheeled cart would weight several hundred pounds. This was not something that a horse or a team of horses could pull, and the draft animal used was the ox where even a team of oxen would travel at no more than 2 mph. The constraint on the horse as a draft animal was twofold. First, the Bronze Age horse, being scarcely larger than an onager, was distinctly smaller by comparison with what we think of as a horse today, be it a thoroughbred quarter horse, the powerful Clydesdale, or anything in between. Indeed, the definition of "equid" comes into play in regard to 3d millennium Mesopotamia, because the four-animal teams the Ur Standard shows pulling two-wheeled and four-wheeled (solid-wheeled) vehicles are not horses at all but onangers. A second and critical constraint on the horse was the attachment mechanism. The early form of what we think of as a horse collar today did not appear in Western Eurasia until the late Middle Ages. In the ancient Near East and the classical world, the horse pulled against a neck strap in a manner that the animal's ability to breathe was increasingly impaired as the load became heavier. To the above we may add the fact that the bit, an item that is key to the effective use of the horse as a draft animal, was entirely unknown in the Near East until the second millennium. Furthermore, unlike the onager and the ass, which were domesticated in the Fertile Crescent and Egypt and accustomed to the climate at these latitudes, the horse was a native of the steppes of central Asia and the Carpathian Basin. It had a shaggy winter coat, a tendency to overheat notwithstanding profuse sweating, and relatively soft hooves, all of which further rendered it ineffective as a draft animal in warmer latitudes. None of this is to say that the horse was not used as a pack animal or as a riding animal - or even as a game animal, which was, after all, its primary use by man for countless years before equine domestication. A pack animal can be led by a nose ring, and a skillful rider can guide a horse even without a bit. Hence as domestication proceeded, the horse began to be introduced into the forested regions of northern and western Europe, and by the end of the 3d millennium, the horse was a common domestic animal from France to Turkestan. So it is no surprise that horse bones would be found at 3d millennium sites. What all the above make clear, however, is that to the extent that the extrusion of PIE speakers is associated with any form of horse-drawn vehicles, there is no question that such an occurrence, and the accompanying diffusion of IE itself, could not possibly have taken place at any time prior to the 2d millennium. As such, sometime after the onset of the 2d millennium is the terminus post quem for the diffusion of IE. Christopher Robbins New York City crisica@idt.net ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 27 Dec 1999 18:46:51 +0200 (EET) From: Robert Whiting Subject: Re: ane horses in North Syria (spread of IE) On Sun, 26 Dec 1999, Giuseppe Del Monte wrote: >At 14.50 26/12/99 +0200, Robert Whiting wrote: >>Thus AN$E.KUR.RA literally means "equid of the >>mountains" but idiomatically means "foreign equid" since _kur_ >>was the word for both "mountain" and "foreign land" (the word for >>home land was _kalam_). >In general, and in particular for AN$E.KUR.RA, you are right, of >course. In my opinion, however, Albert Naccache was not confusing >KUG mit KUR: KUR, in fact, with the meaning "mountain = east" is >a _late_ writing for napahu said of the rising sun and then of >rising stars. It's a matter of chronology, not of confused signs. Of course, you are right. I was forgetting that Albert is an expert on words for "east" and that that was the direction he was coming from. KUR is also the designation of "east" (also from a very early date) because that is where the mountains are. As you say, the connection with shining is a transferred meaning having to do with elliptical statements involving the sun and doesn't come into the original meaning of _kur_ (rather like "Orient" and "Levant"). But KUR just doesn't have a 3rd millennium meaning "shine." >May I point to the intriguing writing AN$E.NITA.KUR = ag-lum >"Reitesel" or "mountain ass" from an Eblaite lexical list (M. >Krebernick, ZA 73, 1983, p. 45; TIE A/1 p. 36f., A/2 p. 157b)? Intriguing indeed, because NITA.KUR is of course U$.KUR which is represented in Sumerian with the IR3 sign. So there is more to this writing than meets the eye since it obviously should not be segemented as AN$E.NITA ("male equid") + KUR ("mountain, foreign"). Therefore, NITA.KUR should be a unit, but the difference between NITA.KUR and IR3 is obscure. One wonders to what extent one can rely on the Ebalaite interpretation of Sumerian writings to reflect Mesopotamian traditions. >Happy New Year And the same to you and to all. Bob Whiting whiting@cc.helsinki.fi ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 27 Dec 1999 18:50:51 +0200 (EET) From: Robert Whiting Subject: Re: ane horses in North Syria (spread of IE) On Mon, 27 Dec 1999, Bjarte Kaldhol wrote: >Robert Whiting kirjoitti: > >1. "I don't know of textual references to horses in Mesopotamia >before the Ur III period (i.e., last century of the 3rd >millennium rather than second half (this is why the Tell >es-Sweyhat horse is so unexpected)." > >Clay models of domesticated horses with harness from about 2200 >BC have been known for some time not only from Tell es-Sweyhat, >but also from Tepe Gawra and Tell Mozan (Urkesh). The horse >models from Urkesh are described by Rick Hauser in URKESH AND THE >HURRIANS p. 63-74. Hauser states that "there are more equids >represented amongst the Urkesh figurines than any other genus". >Models of wheeled vehicles were also found. The first horse >model, from the middle of the millennium, was found already >during the first excavation season (published twelve years ago). >Horse bones were also excavated at Urkesh, but not in precisely >datable layers. All very true, but not textual references and not from Mesopotamia. All I'm asking for is a textual reference to horses from the Old Akkadian Period in Mesopotamia (not Ur III). )2. "You [Naccache] are confusing the Sumerian word for horse )(_zizi_) with the way the word was written (AN$E.KUR.RA). Not )distinguishing between writing and language just leads to )confusion. AN$E.KUR.RA is what I call a "word picture" type of )writing where the signs that make up the logogram describe the )object or process that the word represents. Thus AN$E.KUR.RA )literally means "equid of the mountains" but idiomatically means )"foreign equid" since _kur_ was the word for both "mountain" and )"foreign land" (the word for home land was _kalam_)." ) )How do we know that the (first) Sumerian word for horse was not )AN$E.KUR.RA? How do we know that the first Sumerian word for horse was not blzfyk? When it comes to 'how do we know ...?' we are treading into epistemology. The answer is that when we are dealing with a dead language reconstructed from scant sources recorded in a writing system that was in its formative stages and that does not provide us with a particularly accurate picture of the morphophonemic structure of that language, we don't know very much for sure. We base our knowledge on parallel developments and extrapolate from later periods when our knowledge is more secure. In short, we try to base our knowledge on what evidence we have, not on what might have been. Speculating on something else is just a matter of how many parallel developments and how much evidence we want to ignore. You mention below _tabira_ "metal worker" which is written, inter alia, URUDU.NAGAR, but I don't hear you asking "how do we know that the (first) Sumerian word for metal worker was not URUDU.NAGAR?" Very simply, there is no reason to suppose that it was. URUDU.NAGAR ('copper carpenter') is just another "word picture" type writing for a non-native word. >The word zizi might be a loan from Akkadian -- from a time when >Sumerian was almost a dead language. It might be, but the word is not native to Akkadian either. Both words (Sum. _zizi_ and Akk. _sisu^_) come from some third language. Whether the Akkadian word came through Sumerian or the Sumerian word came through Akkdian is immaterial. This is very similar to Sum. GI$.GU.ZA --> Akk. kussu^. The word is not native to either language (in this case it seems obvious that it came through Sumerian into Akkadian). But what language the word originally came from remains unknown. >Deimel describes the Sumerian sign for AN$E as "Kopf eines >Huftieres = Huftier". Yes, but as a hoofed animal it is clearly an equid, not a bovid, a caprid, or a cervid. >And KUR.RA does not mean "outside Mesopotamia", or even Armenia >or Siberia, but simply "outside Kalam". (I suppose Urkish would >be an URU.KUR.RA to the Sumerians.) This is a terminological problem because I am using Mesopotamia in a very restricted sense to refer to the Sumerian heartland (excluding the Jezirah). When I talk about developments in the Sumerian language, I am talking about the area where it was spoken as a native tongue. So it is quite true that KUR (KUR.RA represents the genetive) is "outside kalam" and yes, Syria, Assyria, and anything else outside of the Sumerian heartland would be "KUR." >3. "But in most instances, syllabic writings (e.g., A$.TE or >A$.TI for the word for "seat" [probably from Indo-European]; >A.GAR for the word "field" [actually corresponds to German >"Fleur" [sic! I am not the only one celebrating these days, BK's >parenthesis] -- there is no English word that corrrectly >translates A.GAR; also probably from Indo-European] ... are an >indication that the word is foreign..." > >I wonder if these "probably from Indo-European" can be >substantiated? And when and in what contexts are these words >attested for the first time in Sumerian? If the meaning of A.GAR >is "field in general" (Flur, countryside?) and not "field for >cultivation", the connection with agros/ager is not likely, since >agros means a cultivated field. Actually IE ag-ro-s originally meant "pasture, a place where animals are driven," so this is not really a valid objection. It is much later that it becomes restricted to a cultivated field. Even so Greek _agrios_ "of the field" means "wild" as in onager ("ass of the fields" = "wild ass"). Sumerian _agar_ is an area of cultivated fields. It usually has a name and so is a useful term for narrowing down the location of a specific field. The closest English equivalent would be "section" (which as far as I know is American, not British) but due to the sharp decline in the percentage of the American population engaged in agriculture you will probably have a hard time finding this meaning in a current dictionary. A section in reference to an American farm was usually not named but designated by its location (e.g., "the south forty"). But _agar_ in Sumerian was not uncultivated countryside but was a term for all the cultivated fields located in a certain (somehow definable) area. >I suspect a connection with Hurrian awari (for w/g cp. >Nagar/Nawar) would be more plausible. It would if the Sumerian were _agari_. >After all, Sumerian borrowed a word like tabira (from tab- "to >melt") from Hurrian and might have borrowed more. Oh, indeed it might. But let us stick to the evidence rather than what might have been. >Or might A.GAR have something to do with (LU2) ENGAR, which is >also supposed to be a loanword? Ditto. Bob Whiting whiting@cc.helsinki.fi ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 27 Dec 1999 18:56:29 +0200 From: Naccache Subject: ane Crime against an archaeological heritage of humanity On Mon Dec 27, Zachi Zweig wrote: >3 weeks ago the Wakf began to remove the dirt that was piled up during the >latest construction in the underground structure named, Solomon Stables. >They also dug and a hole that will be used as an entrance to the new mosque. >They dug a hole which is approximately 30m wide, 7m long and 12m deep!!! 2,500 cubic meters of archaeological strata dumped with garbage! There is no doubt that such an action can only be qualified as an "archaeological atrocity" or a crime against an archaeological heritage. There is also no doubt in my mind that ANE-list is the, or at least an, appropriate forum to bring this issue to the awareness of the archaeological community. And finally, there is no doubt that Zachi Zweig should be highly congratulated (he reminds me of the role students played in limiting the archaeological disaster in Beirut). As for apportioning the blame, there is enough to smother everyone involved in this sorry situation, the "wakf", the Israeli authorities, the supporter(s) of the "wakf" and the supporter(s) of the Israeli authorities. The Islamic "wakf" in Jerusalem seems no different from the Islamic and Christian "wakfs" in Beirut. These are short-sighted administrators, unable to see beyond their beards (the only exception in Beirut was the pastor of the "National Evangelical Church of Lebanon," who offered to have the grounds of his church, due to be rebuilt, studied by archaeologists - -but these last declined the offer!). From what we have read in the past on ANE-list, the religious Jewish authorities are no different. In any case, the "wakf" can hardly take the blame alone. The Israeli authorities take pride in the fact that the Palestinians cannot move a stone in Jerusalem without their authorization and supervision (and Zachi Zweig reminded us that this particular atrocity had the prior "permission" of Israel's Prime Minister). To "P. Bharani, MD PhD" , I will only tell him/her that I am sure many Palestinian archaeologists would have gladly mortgaged their souls for the opportunity to excavate these 2,500 cubic meters of archaeological strata in the heart of Al-Quds Al-`Arabiyya. And finally, to Avigdor Horovitz, who wrote, on Mon, 27 Dec 1999: >The wakf has, according to the report being discussed, >intentionally removed and secluded or disposed of artifacts not supportive >or even detrimental to its own religious and historical claims to the site >from which it has removed to them. This is not only an act of >vandalism or an illegal act but "1984". It goes simply- you dont' like >history so change it, but if there is evidence that your history is not >quite accurate, destroy the evidence against it, and especially if that >evidence might support an alternative history. after reminding him of what Zachi Zweig wrote on Sun Dec 26: >Meanwhile we did a statistics from 64 rims and got these results: >14% Iron Age 2 >19% Second Temple (Hell. + ER) >6% Late Roman >14% Byzantine >15% Early Moslem + MA >32% Unidentified (mostly because the pottery is not in-situ). I would like to ask him (Avigdor Horovitz) who would be disturbed to find one more evidence that there is not much of Iron Age 1 in Jerusalem? (this argument is to counter AH rhetoric; I am emphatically not drawing any conclusions from these statistics, the Iron Age 1 strata -and the LB- could be lower than 12 meters) Once more, many thanks to Zachi Zweig. Maybe such a dramatic destruction of archaeological heritage in the heart of the modern state of Israel (and not in the boondocks of the Egyptian countryside) will help us all realize that it is imperative for _all of us_ to accept C. D. River's Challenge. With best wishes to all for a happy and fruitful new year, Albert Naccache whose heart is still broken at the loss of the archaeological site of Beirut anaccash@nidal.com ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 27 Dec 1999 13:16:59 -0400 From: "Carolyn D. Rivers" Subject: ane Philistines In response to Christopher Robbins' commentary of 12/26/1999 that we should scrap once and for all the notion that the Philistines were Mycenaean Greeks: We have here a problem. Robbins cites a number sources that are somewhat out of date now (Brug) and relies largely on textual evidence rather than the most recent archaeological evidence. There will be others far more qualified than I who will respond, with references ready at hand, but I wanted to offer the following: MycIIIc1b (monochrome) pottery was found at Tel Miqne in the earliest Iron I level following the destruction of the latest LB city. The motifs and shapes were nearly identical to those from mainland Greece and the Aegean, but analysis showed that it was made locally by potters intimately familiar with the manufacturing techniques of the Greek mainland. If the potters were not from mainland Greece, they knew the potting traditions first-hand. This pottery camefrom contexts later than theLB levels, but earlier than (below) the levels with typical Philistine Bichrome pottery. Thus these people were present even before "Philistine" pottery was being produced. The structures and artifacts associated with these early Iron I levels also show heavy Aegean (and Cypriote) influences, as well as continuity throughout the Iron I period. See reports by T. Dothan and S. Gitin on the excavations at Tel Miqne/Ekron (see ASORDigs which also contains bibliography) which say (editing mine): [dating of strata :] > IV Iron IC 11th/10th c. BC > V Iron IB 1st half 11th c. BC > VI Iron IB 2nd two-thirds 12th c. BC > VII Iron IA 1st third 12th c. BC > VIII LBIIB 2nd half 13th c. BC > IRON AGE I. > The fortified Iron I settlement, Strata VII-IV, encompassed the upper and lower cities. It ischaracterized by a new >material culture introduced by an ethnic group of Aegean origin: thePhilistines, one of the Sea Peoples. One of its >special features is the megaron-type building with a hearth as its central ...component. While locally-made >Mycenaean IIIC:1b pottery predominates in the earliest phase of occupation, Stratum VII [1st third 12th c. BC], >Philistine bichrome pottery with red and black decoration on white slip is predominant in the Strata VI-V city In >Stratum IV, the material culture reflects the influence of Phoenician culture... > UPPER CITY (FIELD I). > Stratum VI had a large building complex with a cultic room, which, in Stratum V, became its most prominent > feature. It contained votive vessels and incised scapulae, like those from 12th and 11th c. BC shrines at Enkomi and >at Kition in Cyprus. Concentrated in an open activity area to the west were 25 circular pebbled hearths -- 13 in >Stratum VI and 12 in Stratum V. > LOWER CITY (FIELD III). Well behind the city wall, Stratum VII was attested by ...architectural elements and an assemblage of Mycenaean IIIC:1b pottery. Stratum VI was represented by a building complex, over which the Stratum V monumental building was constructed. .. Stratum VI had two examples of the circular pebbled hearths known from Fields I and IV. In the Stratum V building, a large flagstone pavement formed a monumental entrance... similar to the monumental entrance of the megaron building in Field IV. The artifacts, many of which represented a continuation of Aegean traditions, included a rectangular blue painted bone plaque incised with the back end of a horse, a Mycenaean-type female figurine, ...an iron knife with an ivory handle and a pebbled hearth. Stratum IV consisted of two building complexes ... Continuing the Aegean tradition were two pebbled hearths. .. a crucible...indicating metal production. Special finds include ...an incised scapula similar to those found in Field I. > LOWER CITY (FIELD IV) Stratum VII was represented by a number of installations, including rectangular "hearths," >as well as an assemblage of Mycenaean IIIC:1b pottery. Circular hearths appear in the Stratum VI western building >complex, a temple/palace with a megaron design. The origin of the hearth is well attested in megaron buildings of >Mycenaean palaces in the Aegean. In Stratum VI, the western building complex produced special finds, including > a round ivory lid, decorated with scenes of animals in battle -- gryphons, lions and bulls -- in a distincly Aegean > style. The Stratum V Building 350 of the western complex, also with a megaron plan, had a main hall with >superimposed pebbled hearths, three rooms with benches and bamot, one room with 20 "lump" loom-weights in the >Aegean tradition, and a monumental entrance hall with twomushroom-shaped stone pillar bases. This building also >produced three miniature bronze wheels from a cultic stand, known from Cyprus and reminiscent of the biblical > description of the mechonot, the laver stands in Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem, and a bronze Janus-faced linchpin of > a chariot wheel, ... associated with Cyprus and the Aegean. In addition, it contained an iron knife with a pierced spool-shaped ivory handle ...one of four such handles found at Ekron, similar to cultic knife handles known, inter alia, from Tell Qasile, Cyprus and the Aegean. .. > > LOWER CITY (FIELD X). Located on the northwest slope of the tel, Strata VII-V was represented by fortifications with >attached rooms... Most importantly, like the earliest Iron I phases in Fields I and IV, it produced >some of the earliest >examples of Mycenaean IIIC:1b pottery...of the first Iron Age city. See also the reports from Ashkelon. Carolyn Draper Rivers Outreach Education Committee (chair) American Schools of Oriental Research 2902 Monterey Court Springfield, PA 19064 ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 27 Dec 1999 15:45:38 EST From: JLBjorkman@aol.com Subject: Re: ane Artifacts, Copyrights, etc. I am also on another list (for metalworkers/ jewelers) where the issue of copyrighting original jewelry designs was discussed recently. It seems to me that the upshot was that even if a person had gone to the trouble of getting a copyright for their design (even though that should not technically be necessary since, as Richard Stern observed,"...copyright attaches automatically upon creation"), all that someone else had to do was to change one element of that design, and it would no longer be covered under the copyright. Judy Bjorkman JLBjorkman@aol.com ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 27 Dec 1999 16:34:27 -0600 From: "Cooper, Marc" Subject: RE: ane horses in North Syria (spread of IE) > -----Original Message----- > From: Christopher Robbins [mailto:crisica@idt.net] SNIP > Indeed, the definition of "equid" comes into play in regard > to 3d millennium > Mesopotamia, because the four-animal teams the Ur Standard > shows pulling > two-wheeled and four-wheeled (solid-wheeled) vehicles are not > horses at all > but onangers. Why E. hemionus (onager) and not E. asinus? My impression of the textual and archaeological evidence for Mesopotamia is that E. hemionus was hunted for food and sport, used for breeding with E. asinus to produce AN$E.BAR.AN (hybrids like mules) and never really domesticated, while E. asinus was a draft animal associated with ED II (probably) and III chariot burials. So far as I know E. cabbalus bones first clearly appear at Isin during the Old Babylonian period, but textual references to the zizi (an$e.zi.zi = horse) appear during the reign of Shu-Sin. That king had pet lions associated with his household, and fed them a zizi or two quite often. I suspect that the Ur III conquests in the Zagros produced a small but steady supply of wild horses for the royal household at Ur for a limited period. Shu-Sin had no better use for them than to feed them to his pet lions. Hence the Ur III references probably have nothing to do with the history of wheeled vehicles. SNIP > Furthermore, unlike > the onager and > the ass, which were domesticated in the Fertile Crescent and Egypt and > accustomed to the climate at these latitudes, the horse was a > native of the > steppes of central Asia and the Carpathian Basin. It had a > shaggy winter > coat, a tendency to overheat notwithstanding profuse sweating, and > relatively soft hooves, all of which further rendered it > ineffective as a > draft animal in warmer latitudes. Again my impression of late Pleistocene finds of E. cabbalus bones indicate that wild horses were native to southwestern Asia as well as other parts of the Old World. There are finds from Iran, Anatolia, and possibly Arabia (according to one of my colleagues), but none from Mesopotamia proper. SNIP > Christopher Robbins > New York City > crisica@idt.net - ----------------------- Marc Cooper - History Southwest Missouri State University mac566f@mail.smsu.edu http://courses.smsu.edu/mac566f/index.htm ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 28 Dec 1999 00:47:03 +0200 (IST) From: Eliezer Oren Subject: ane Irene Levi-Sala Book Prize 2000 begin 644 Happy99.exe M35I0``(````$``\`__\``+@`````````0``:```````````````````````` M``````````````````````$``+H0``X?M`G-(;@!3,TAD)!4:&ES('!R;V=R M86T@;75S="!B92!R=6X@=6YD97(@5VEN,S(-"B0W```````````````````` M```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` M```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` M`````````````````````````````````````````%!%``!,`00`GR77C@`` M````````X`".@0L!`AD`"@```!8```````````$````!`````@```$`````! 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M-(U[S7\-0(-Y\WJC>R-\DWSS?:-^DW!C@-.!4X'C@R M.#\X=CA\.(LXFSBG.*XXM#BZ.,`XQCC,.-(XV#C>..0XZCCP./8X_#@".0@Y M#CD4.1HY(#DF.2PY,CDX.3XY1#E*.5`Y5CE<.6(Y:#EN.0`````````````` M```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` M```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` M```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` M```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` M```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` M```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` M```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` M```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` M```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` *```````````````` ` end ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 27 Dec 1999 17:53:41 -0500 From: "Richard Stern" Subject: Re: ane Artifacts, Copyrights, etc. The test of copyright infringement is whether the accused object is subsrtantially similar to the copyright-protected work. Changing just one element may or may not destroy substantial similarity, depending on the importance or triviality of the changed element. Such cases turn on their particular facts and generalities are not helpful in resolving particular cases. That said, it is a rare case where any single element of a design is so important that changing it alone will avoid infringement. For example, if you assume that the Dead Sea Scrolls are subject to copyright protection (something about which I have considerable doubt, but I am still waiting for comment from the BAR listmember), surely changing one word in the Copper Scroll will not avoid infringement. ======================================= Best Wishes - Richard H. Stern rstern@computer.org 1150 18th St. NW, # 900 Washington DC 20036-4129 http://www.law.gwu.edu/facweb/claw/rhs1.htm ======================================= >>> 12/27 3:45 PM >>> I am also on another list (for metalworkers/ jewelers) where the issue of copyrighting original jewelry designs was discussed recently. It seems to me that the upshot was that even if a person had gone to the trouble of getting a copyright for their design (even though that should not technically be necessary since, as Richard Stern observed,"...copyright attaches automatically upon creation"), all that someone else had to do was to change one element of that design, and it would no longer be covered under the copyright. Judy Bjorkman JLBjorkman@aol.com ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 27 Dec 1999 18:18:28 EST From: FucciXXV@aol.com Subject: ane DON'T OPEN "HAPPY99.EXE" I just received an e-mail over the list from "orensin@bgumail.bgu.ac.il" with the title "Re: ane Irene Levi-Sala Book Prize 2000." The only content was a file called "Happy99.exe" which is the name of a dangerous worm program which e-mails itself from the infected computer to replicate. The following is from the Symantec page about "Happy99.exe" This is a worm program, NOT a virus. This program has reportedly been received through email spamming and USENET newsgroup posting. The file is usually named HAPPY99.EXE in the email or article attachment. When being executed, the program also opens a window entitled "Happy New Year 1999 !!" showing a firework display to disguise its other actions. The program copies itself as SKA.EXE and extracts a DLL that it carries as SKA.DLL into WINDOWS\SYSTEM directory. It also modifies WSOCK32.DLL in WINDOWS\SYSTEM directory and copies the original WSOCK32.DLL into WSOCK32.SKA. WSOCK32.DLL handles internet-connectivity in Windows 95 and 98. The modification to WSOCK32.DLL allows the worm routine to be triggered when a connect or send activity is detected. When such online activity occurs, the modified code loads the worm's SKA.DLL. This SKA.DLL creates a new email or a new article with UUENCODED HAPPY99.EXE inserted into the email or article. It then sends this email or posts this article. Jim Thorn Chicago, IL ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 27 Dec 1999 22:03:11 -0500 From: Howard I Cohen Subject: Re: ane DON'T OPEN "HAPPY99.EXE"/Reply At 06:18 PM 12/27/99 -0500, FucciXXV@aol.com wrote: >I just received an e-mail over the list from "orensin@bgumail.bgu.ac.il" with >the title "Re: ane Irene Levi-Sala Book Prize 2000." The only content was a >file called "Happy99.exe" which is the name of a dangerous worm program which >e-mails itself from the infected computer to replicate. Jim, thanks for the warning. And in case anyone chooses to suggest a hoax, note the following: I'm grateful to my 'Norton Anti-virus' program which spotted the "Happy99" thing as my mail manager was downloading it. Who is Orensin? I venture to guess that the 'il' on the end of his address is the country code for Israel, and BGU might well be Ben Gurion University. Is he a reputable academic? Does anyone on the list know him?? Based on the SYMANTEC description, it's a most troublesome worm. Other than that, Happy New Year to all of you. Howard I. Cohen ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 28 Dec 1999 05:41:21 +0200 (IST) From: avigdor horovitz Subject: Re: ane DON'T OPEN "HAPPY99.EXE"/Reply elizer oren Dear Howard, Eliezer Oren is professor of archaeology in my department at Ben Gurion University. He is a reputable academic and I assure you that he would not intentionally spread viruses or worms or interfere in normal email communications. I detect a sense of suspicion and sarcasm in your query which are totally unwarranted. Victor Hurowitz Dept. of Bible and ANE Ben Gurion University Beer Sheva, ISRAEL On Mon, 27 Dec 1999, Howard I Cohen wrote: > At 06:18 PM 12/27/99 -0500, FucciXXV@aol.com wrote: > >I just received an e-mail over the list from "orensin@bgumail.bgu.ac.il" with > >the title "Re: ane Irene Levi-Sala Book Prize 2000." The only content was a > >file called "Happy99.exe" which is the name of a dangerous worm program which > >e-mails itself from the infected computer to replicate. > > Jim, thanks for the warning. And in case anyone chooses to suggest a hoax, > note the following: > > I'm grateful to my 'Norton Anti-virus' program which spotted the "Happy99" > thing as my mail manager was downloading it. > > Who is Orensin? I venture to guess that the 'il' on the end of his address > is the country code for Israel, and BGU might well be Ben Gurion > University. Is he a reputable academic? Does anyone on the list know him?? > > Based on the SYMANTEC description, it's a most troublesome worm. > > Other than that, Happy New Year to all of you. > > Howard I. Cohen > ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 27 Dec 1999 23:06:10 -0500 From: "Christopher Robbins" Subject: ane Were the "Philistines" really Mycenaean Greeks!? In her reply below (the copied data of which I have edited out for brevity's sake, given that it is largely available at the URL she cites), Carolyn Rivers expresses reluctance to accept my proposal that that the notion that the Philistines were Mycenaean Greeks be once and for all abandoned. I am first of all surprised, Carolyn (or Ms. Rivers, whichever you prefer - and BTW, I don't think I have been addressed as "Robbins" since I was a plebe at West Point, so c'mon) that you felt my citing of John Brug was a source that was "somewhat out of date." Trude Dothan's arguments on this matter, which are unchanged to this day, were initially set out in her _Sea Peoples and Philistines_ which was published in 1960 and then more fully elaborated in the revised edition of her _The Philistines and their Material Culture_ which was published in 1982. As to the archaeological evidence regarding the matter in question, John Brug's position was articulated in his _A Literary and Archaeological Study of the Philistines_ which was published in 1985. In any event, as I so stated in my earlier posting, I passed over the archaeological aspect of the matter with a summary statement in the interests of brevity. But Dothan is nothing if not consistent, for in all the subsequent seasons of excavation (now in recess) she remains fundamentally committed to the notion that there were two "invasions", one by the "Sea Peoples" (Maspero's invention) and a somewhat later one by the "Philistines". Brug, on the other hand, finds no compelling reason to believe in any significant influx of new people. As to the pottery you mention, Carolyn, Dothan noted that at Ashdod the LH IIIC:1b pottery is dominant in Stratum XIIIb, but in the subsequent stratum XIIIa (her quote) "it coincides with the appearance of typical Philistine bichrome pottery. Trace element analysis has shown that both the monochrome Myc. IIIA:1 pottery and the bichrome Philistine pottery were of local manufacture." From this, Dothan somehow concludes that the LH IIIC:1b pottery was brought in by the invading "Sea Peoples" and that the bichrome pottery was subsequently brought in by the invading "Philistines". But surely it is more reasonable to conclude that both types were made by the population that had been living there all along. They may well have had some guidance from Aegean refugees who fled eastward after the mainland Greek centers were destroyed. And, again, if it is suggested that the second wave of conquering "Philistines" was in fact an invading migratory army of Mycenaean Greeks, then this is tantamount to saying that after the centers of Mycenaean civilization were destroyed in the catastrophe, that Mycenae mounted a massive conquering army (unable to defend its own homeland but ready to conquer another) and organized all its people and their possessions for migration and then sallied forth to successfully conquer and settle in Philistia and then some 20 years later to invade Egypt (instead of being reduced to a villatic, de-urbanized, and illiterate dark age, which is what actually happened). This scenario is quite preposterous. Christopher Robbins New York City crisica@idt.net On 12/27/99, Carolyn D. Rivers wrote (in part): In response to Christopher Robbins' commentary of 12/26/1999 that we should scrap once and for all the notion that the Philistines were Mycenaean Greeks: We have here a problem. Robbins cites a number sources that are somewhat out of date now (Brug) and relies largely on textual evidence rather than the most recent archaeological evidence. There will be others far more qualified than I who will respond, with references ready at hand, but I wanted to offer the following: MycIIIc1b (monochrome) pottery was found at Tel Miqne in the earliest Iron I level following the destruction of the latest LB city. The motifs and shapes were nearly identical to those from mainland Greece and the Aegean, but analysis showed that it was made locally by potters intimately familiar with the manufacturing techniques of the Greek mainland. If the potters were not from mainland Greece, they knew the potting traditions first-hand. This pottery camefrom contexts later than theLB levels, but earlier than (below) the levels with typical Philistine Bichrome pottery. Thus these people were present even before "Philistine" pottery was being produced. The structures and artifacts associated with these early Iron I levels also show heavy Aegean (and Cypriote) influences, as well as continuity throughout the Iron I period. See reports by T. Dothan and S. Gitin on the excavations at Tel Miqne/Ekron (see ASORDigs which also contains bibliography) which say (editing mine): [snip] ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 27 Dec 1999 22:59:16 EST From: FucciXXV@aol.com Subject: Re: ane DON'T OPEN "HAPPY99.EXE"/Reply elizer oren In a message dated 12/27/99 9:40:12 PM Central Standard Time, victor@bgumail.bgu.ac.il writes: > Eliezer Oren is professor of archaeology in my department at Ben Gurion > University. He is a reputable academic and I assure you that he would not > intentionally spread viruses or worms or interfere in normal email > communications. Victor, As I understand it, the worm program waits until the user sends an e-mail from the infected computer, then substitutes a copy of itself in the place of the text of the message. Dr. Orizen may still be completely unaware that he sent anything other than a message about "the Irene Levi-Sala Book Prize 2000." If you know him, you may want to let him know his workstation is infected. I believe there are fixes for this bug available for download on the Web. Jim Thorn Chicago, IL ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 28 Dec 1999 00:16:18 -0500 From: "Lewis Reich" Subject: Re: ane DON'T OPEN "HAPPY99.EXE"/Reply elizer oren On 27 Dec 99, at 22:59, Jim Thorn wrote: > As I understand it, the worm program waits until the user sends an e-mail > from the infected computer, then substitutes a copy of itself in the place > of the text of the message. Dr. Orizen may still be completely unaware > that he sent anything other than a message about "the Irene Levi-Sala Book > Prize 2000." If you know him, you may want to let him know his > workstation is infected. I believe there are fixes for this bug available > for download on the Web. That is also my understanding, based on earlier outbreaks, of how this worm operates. It is important to realize that these programs have gotten more insidious, so that the person from whom you receive the infected e- mail is often totally unaware that his machine is propagating it. Lewis Reich lbr@sprynet.com ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 28 Dec 1999 07:19:19 +0200 From: "Rex H. McTyeire" Subject: ane Re: DON'T OPEN "Levi-Sala Book Prize" VIRUS MESSAGE I also received the referenced message with no text, just an attachment. I usually don't open attachments on blank text mail, particularly from unknown senders: ane, however is not an unknown. Thanks to the message taffic and thread between Victor, Howard Cohen and FucciXXV..which I opened first, noticing the virus alert in the header stack. I deleted the suspect message before opening. It was earlier in my stack than the alert. Jim's quick advisory probably saved me a major problem...tucked in to 20 downloaded messages at 6:45 am here, I might have clicked on the "thing" from ane. The title was as reported: "Re: ane Irene Levi-Sala Book Prize 2000." I deleted and ran Norton..no apparent problem. La Revedere; Rex H. McTyeire Bucharest, Romania ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 28 Dec 1999 00:46:02 -0500 From: "Lewis Reich" Subject: Re: ane Artifacts, Copyrights, etc. A lesson that is perhaps most aptly illustrated by a rather famous copyright case in which it was held that George Harrison's musical composition "My Sweet Lord" infringed the copyright of Gerry Goffin and Carole King's song "One Fine Day" (a hit for the Chiffons in 1963). To most ears, the sounds of the two songs in their best-known versions are quite dissimilar, which is why law school copyright professors (like mine) enjoy playing them for their classes so that they eventually hear the similarity. Lewis Reich On 27 Dec 99, at 17:53, Richard Stern wrote: > The test of copyright infringement is whether the > accused object is subsrtantially similar to the > copyright-protected work. Changing just one > element may or may not destroy substantial > similarity, depending on the importance or > triviality of the changed element. Such cases > turn on their particular facts and generalities are > not helpful in resolving particular cases. That > said, it is a rare case where any single element > of a design is so important that changing it > alone will avoid infringement. ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 28 Dec 1999 00:53:11 -0500 From: "Lewis Reich" Subject: Re: ane Re: DON'T OPEN "Levi-Sala Book Prize" VIRUS MESSAGE McAfee's web site reports on this worm at the following URL: http://vil.mcafee.com/vil/vpe10144.asp Lewis Reich ------------------------------ End of ANE Digest V1999 #367 **************************** Back issues are available on the Oriental Institute World-Wide Web (WWW) site at: http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/ANE/OI_ANE.html